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Highlights A novel A/B-sites co-substitution strategy was introduced to enhance the performance and durability of Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite Sr3Fe2O7−δ (SF)-based air electrodes for reversible protonic ceramic cells (RePCCs). Simultaneous Sr-deficiency and Nb-substitution in SF result in Sr2.8Fe1.8Nb0.2O7−δ (D-SFN), offering improved structural stability under RePCC conditions by suppressing the formation of Sr3Fe2(OH)12 phase. The introduction of Sr-deficiency enhances oxygen vacancy concentration in D-SFN, promoting efficient oxygen transport within the material and contributing to excellent activity in RePCCs.

Abstract Anaerobic digestion (AD) was initially evaluated as a potential preprocessing method for preparing biomass-based carbon electrocatalysts in this study. The AD pretreatment succeeded in the structural depolymerization and nitrogen enrichment of Hybrid Pennisetum, which provided favorable conditions to achieve efficient and homogeneous nitrogen introduction due to microorganism community enrichment and provided a porous structure by degradation of the biodegradable components. The resulted biochar exhibited improved physiochemical properties including higher specific surface areas, nitrogen content and graphitization degree than that obtained from pyrolyzing raw biomass. These improvements were positively correlated with the AD time and showed to have enhanced the performance in oxygen reduction reaction and practical microbial fuel cell applications. Amongst the investigated samples, the obtained biochar pretreated by AD for 15 days exhibited the most excellent performance with an onset potential of 0.17 V (VS. saturated calomel electrode) and the maximal power density of 543.2 mW cm−2 assembled in microbial fuel cells. This study suggested applying AD as a new biological pretreatment in the preparation of biomass-based electrocatalysts, and provided a unique pathway for fabricating high-performance biochar-based catalysts by structure optimization and N-containing active sites construction via gentle biological method, thereby providing a cost-effective method to fabricate metal-free catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction. Graphical Abstract

This article presents results about the catalytic activity of the cathode in a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) across various operating temperatures. The Dynamic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (DEIS) technique coupled with a linear current scan was applied for this purpose. An equivalent model based on the thin-film flooded agglomerate model describing the cathode's behaviour was presented, and changes in its parameters were compared with the current load and different temperatures. Studies reveal shifts in cathodic kinetics with increasing load and temperature, alongside changes in resistance curves' slopes. The study identifies 351 K as the most optimal temperature, impacting parameters such as carbon layer resistance, diffusion parameter 1/Yo, and double electric layer capacitance significantly. Differences in slopes of resistance changes for different temperatures were also observed. • Simultaneous impedance measurement of the cathode in a direct methanol fuel cell during changing current density loads. • Obtain changes in the cathode behaviour at different working temperatures. • Slope changes of the polarization resistance curves during an increase in current load for the oxygen reduction reaction. • Obtained polarization resistance values for platinum and carbon support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Platinum-based graphene nanosheet electrocatalyst (Pt/GNS) was modified by changing its surface chemical composition (or functionalization), using citric acid via solid state method. The physical characterizations were orderly carried out by Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermo-gravimetric analysis,X-ray powder diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope. Electrocatalytic activity concerningto oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of the synthesized catalyst was measured using a rotating disk electrode coupled with potentiostat/galvanostatinalkaline (0.1 M KOH) solution, and the performance was compared to conventional Pt/C catalyst. The developed electrocatalyst holds superior electrocatalytic properties compared to the unfunctionalized catalyst and Pt/C. Functionalized Pt/GNS exhibited better oxygen reduction activity of (0.86 V half-wave potential) and demonstrated 3.9 e− transfer against a single oxygen molecule. After 10,000 potential cycles of stability performance, the developed electrocatalyst showed remarkable durability. • Pt anchored graphene nanosheets were employed as electrocatalyst for ORR. • Pt/GNS was functionalized by using citric acid via the solid state method. • Pt/GNS showed improved electrocatalytic activity for ORR. • Pt/GNS showed the long-term stability towards ORR activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing effective electrocatalysts tailored for targeted reactions requires fundamental insights into the structure dependence of the reaction microenvironment. Herein, inspired by finite element simulations, N,O co‐doped carbon nanosheets featuring a hierarchical micro/mesoporous structure to form an oxygen‐rich and local alkaline‐like microenvironment for the two‐electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e− ORR) in a neutral medium are designed. The in situ and ex situ test results confirmed that the micro/mesoporous carbon architecture can elevate the local pH and accelerate the generation of intermediates (*O2, *OOH), leading to high‐efficiency H2O2 production. Utilizing this favorable microenvironment, N,O‐CNS0.5 demonstrated exceptional H2O2 electrosynthesis performance in neutral media, achieving a superior H2O2 yield rate (6705 mmol gcatalyst−1 h−1 in a flow cell). Additionally, comparative experiments and density‐functional theory calculations provided confirmation of the bi‐doping of N and O as the active origin responsible for the electrochemical 2e− ORR. This study synergistically manipulates the reaction microenvironment and active sites, providing an opportunity for efficient H2O2 electro‐production in a neutral medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nanomaterials doped with N and B could activate nearby carbon atoms to promote charge polarization through the synergistic coupling effect between N and B atoms, thus facilitating adsorption of O2 and weakening O−O bond to enhance oxygen reduction reaction. Herein, a simple and controllable self‐assembly strategy is applied to synthesize porous B, N co‐doped carbon‐based catalysts (BCN‐P), which employs the macrocyclic molecule cucurbit[7]uril (CB7) as nitrogen source, and 3D aromatic‐like closo‐[B12H12]2− as boron source. In addition, polystyrene microspheres are added to help introduce porous structure to expose more active sites. Benefitting from porous structures and the synergistic coupling effect between N and B atoms, BCN‐P has a high onset potential (Eonset=0.846 V) and half‐wave potential (E1/2=0.74 V) in alkaline media. The zinc‐air battery assembled with BCN‐P shows high operating voltage (1.42 V), peak power density (128.7 mW cm−2) and stable charge/discharge cycles, which is even comparable with Pt/C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant advancements in the activity of nitrogen‐coordinated iron single‐atom catalysts (Fe–N–C) have attracted attention as potential alternatives to Pt‐based cathodes in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. However, their limited stability in acidic environments hinders their practical application. Moreover, achieving a synchronous enhancement of both the activity and stability of the Fe sites while preventing demetallation or carbon corrosion remains a formidable challenge. Herein, a synthesis method for Fe–N–C is introduced that exhibits remarkable durability, featuring a protective carbon encapsulation formed by applying an additional heterocyclic organic compound coating. It is demonstrated that stability can be enhanced by converting edge‐rich Fe sites into highly stable FeN4 moieties through precise control of the robustness and packing density of the carbon encapsulation. Furthermore, electrochemical redox behavior along with in situ spectroscopies and online differential electrochemical mass spectrometry provide insights into the structural characteristics of each Fe site and their stabilities. The accelerated stress testing and a long‐term test (>100 h) exhibit that the robust carbon encapsulation can successfully prevent corrosion of carbon support and ensure durable Fe sites during operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The zinc-air battery (ZAB) performance and stability strongly depend on the structure of bifunctional electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction/evolution reaction (ORR/OER). In this work, we combine the tip and heterogeneous effects to construct cobalt/cobalt oxide heterostructure nanoarrays (Co/CoO-NAs). Due to the formed heterostructure, more oxygen vacancies are found for Co/CoO-NAs resulting in a 1.4-fold higher ORR intrinsic activity than commercial carbon supported platinum electrocatalyst (Pt/C) at 0.8 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (vs. RHE). Moreover, a fast surface reconstruction is observed for Co/CoO-NAs during OER catalysis evidenced by in-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Raman tests. In addition, the tip effect efficiently lowers the mass transfer resistance triggering a low overpotential of 347 mV at 200 mA cm−2 for Co/CoO-NAs. The strong electronic interplay between cobalt (Co) and cobalt oxide (CoO) contributes to a stable battery performance during 1200 h galvanostatic charge–discharge test at 5 mA cm−2. This work offers a new avenue to construct high-performance and stable oxygen electrocatalyst for rechargeable ZAB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The FeCoNiMnV HEA/ N -CNTs catalyst was prepared by a one-step pyrolysis. • The multi-metal synergy favored the ORR catalytic performance. • Clustered N -CNTs had rich shared boundaries and interstitial space to expedite the charge/mass transfer. • The built battery showed high OCV, large power density and long-term durability. Efficient and stable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts are essential for constructing reliable energy conversion and storage devices. Herein, we prepared noble metal-free FeCoNiMnV high-entropy alloy supported on nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (FeCoNiMnV HEA/ N -CNTs) by a one-step pyrolysis at 800 °C, as certificated by a set of characterizations. The graphitization degree of the N -CHTs was optimized by tuning the pyrolysis temperature in the control groups. The resultant catalyst greatly enhanced the ORR characteristics in the alkaline media, showing the positive onset potential (E onset) of 0.99 V and half-wave potential (E 1/2) of 0.85 V. More importantly, the above FeCoNiMnV HEA/ N -CNTs assembled Zn-air battery exhibited a greater open-circuit voltage (1.482 V), larger power density (185.12 mW cm−2), and outstanding cycle stability (1698 cycles, 566 h). This study provides some valuable insights on developing sustainable ORR catalysts in Zn-air batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main group metals are commonly perceived as catalytically inert in the context of oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) due to the delocalized valence orbitals. Regulating the local environment and structure of metal center coordinated by nitrogen ligands (M‐Nx) is a promising approach to accelerate catalytic dynamics. Herein, we, for the first time, report the atomically dispersed Al catalysts coordinated with N and C atoms for 4‐electron ORR. The axial coordinated pyrrolyl N group (No) is constructed in the Al‐N4‐No moiety to regulate the p‐band structure of Al center, effectively steering the local environment and structure of the square planar Al‐N4 sites, which typically exhibit too strong interaction with ORR intermediates. The dynamic covalency competition of axial Al‐No and Al‐O bonding could endow the Al center with moderate hybridization between Al 3p orbital and O 2p orbital, alleviating the binding energy of ORR intermediates. The as‐prepared Al‐N4‐No electrocatalyst exhibits excellent ORR activity, selectivity, and durability, along with the rapid kinetics as demonstrated by in situ Raman spectroscopy. This work offers a fundamental comprehension of the fine regulation on p‐band and guides the rational design of main‐group metal‐based single atom catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) represents a cornerstone for many clean energy conversion technologies such as fuel cells and metal‐air batteries. Nevertheless, the commercialization of these technologies is largely impeded by the slow kinetics of ORR, for which active, durable and cost‐effective ORR catalysts are needed. In recent years, zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) derived carbon materials emerge as a new class of non‐precious metal catalysts (NPMCs) toward ORR, largely benefiting from their high surface area, abundant porosity, tunable chemical/electronic structure, and superior ORR activity which is comparable or even surpasses those state‐of‐the‐art Pt‐based ORR catalysts. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in ZIF‐derived carbons for ORR. The synthesis strategies and the key factors affecting the ORR performance of ZIF‐derived carbon materials are discussed. Future research directions and perspectives on exploring ZIF derived carbons as efficient ORR catalysts are highlighted, with a focus on the principles of rationally engineering the coordination structures of active sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwave heating provides a rapid method for the heterogeneous nucleation of noble metal particles on perovskite support materials for electrocatalytic purposes. To succeed, dielectric tuning of perovskite materials becomes fundamental. Herein, the dielectric engineering of the BaMnO3 perovskite system is carried out through the use of B‐site doping to give BaTi0.5Mn0.5O3. Using a combination of atomic‐scale imaging and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), the preferential filling of the M1 and M3 B‐sites with Mn and Ti ions in the 12R‐rhombohedral perovskite structure is established. While the addition of Ti in the BaMnO3 system has no detrimental effects on the presence of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) active Mn3+ states at the surface, it does alter the dielectric constant and loss tangent, thus facilitating the heterogeneous nucleation of Pt nanoparticles on BaTi0.5Mn0.5O3 via rapid microwave heating. Higher Pt loading regimes are found to increase the size and aggregation of the nucleated particles, thus reducing their ORR activity. Therefore, lower Pt loading not only reduces costs but improves overall activity. This work represents future possibilities for the dielectric engineering of perovskite and similar support materials to aid in the quick and easy formation of stable noble metal‐support catalytic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modulating of electronic structure of photocatalyst and integration of dual channel pathway are promising strategy for efficient photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from pure water without sacrificial agent and oxygen exposure. In this work, nontoxic aromatic dialdehyde is used to replace the commonly used toxic formaldehyde to form resorcinol‐phthalaldehyde resins through a hydrothermal method. The introducing of aromatic ring as π spacer increases the separation distance of electrons and holes to avoid their recombination. H2O2 can be produced via integrated oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and water oxidation reaction (WOR) due to the suitable energy band positions and spatially separated reaction sites. Resorcinol‐p‐phthalaldehyde (RP) resin exhibits a promising H2O2 yield of 3351 µmol g−1 h−1 with high apparent quantum yield (AQY) of 14.9% at 420 nm and solar‐to‐chemical conversion (SCC) efficiency of 1.54%. This work provides a simple strategy to modulate the charge separation efficiency and redox reaction pathway on photocatalyst at molecular level design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minimizing the use of platinum (Pt) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is crucial for expanding the PEMFC market. The most straightforward approach would be to reduce the size of Pt particles. However, small Pt clusters, particularly those <2 nm in size, typically exhibit reduced activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) due to the overly strong adsorption of oxygen intermediates. Additionally, these small Pt clusters tend to degrade more quickly, resulting in lower durability. In this study, carbon‐embedded Pt alloy cluster catalysts (PtFe, PtCo, PtNi) that demonstrate high activity and durability in the PEMFC cathode are presented. Density functional theory calculations indicate that carbon atoms stably adsorb onto the Fe sites of PtFe clusters, making the neighboring Pt sites active for ORR with an optimal adsorption strength for oxygen intermediates. This research can pave the way for developing durable and efficient ORR catalysts while significantly reducing Pt usage in PEMFCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With respect to the potential of palladium (Pd)‐based nanomaterials in catalyzing typical electrochemical reactions, herein, a strategy that couples the quick Joule‐heating with a solid phase synthesis for producing carbon‐supported Pd–Se nanoparticles with welcome features is reported, e.g., fine sizes, clean surfaces, and controlled crystal phases toward electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) in an alkaline medium. Principally, the introduction of Se into Pd alters its electronic properties and weakens the adsorption of key reaction intermediates on the Pd–Se nanoparticles during the ORR and EOR process, thus endowing them with better electrocatalysis for the same electrochemical reactions. Impressively, the carbon‐supported Pd–Se nanoparticles exhibit phase‐dependent electrocatalysis toward ORR and EOR. In particular, the cubic Pd17Se15 nanoparticles supported on carbon substrate show mass activity of 0.206 A mgPd−1 and specific activity of 0.546 mA cm−2 at 0.9 V for ORR in 0.1 m KOH electrolyte, while the orthorhombic PdSe2 nanoparticles show a mass activity of 3.79 A mgPd−1 for EOR, higher than that of their cubic counterpart and commercial Pd/C catalyst. The universality of this synthetic strategy in manufacturing carbon‐supported noble metal chalcogenide nanoparticles and highlighting its potential in designing highly efficient electrocatalysts are emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic oxygen reduction to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a promising route to providing oxidants for various industrial applications. However, the lack of well‐designed photocatalysts for efficient overall H2O2 production in pure water has impeded ongoing research and practical thrusts. Here we present a cyanide‐based covalent organic framework (TBTN‐COFs) combining 2,4,6‐trimethylbenzene‐1,3,5‐tricarbonitrile (TBTN) and benzotrithiophene‐2,5,8‐tricarbaldehyde (BTT) building blocks with water‐affinity and charge‐separation. The ultrafast intramolecular electron transfer (<500 fs) and prolonged excited state lifetime (748 ps) can be realized by TBTN‐COF, resulting in a hole accumulated BTT and electron‐rich TBTN building block. Under one sun, the 11013 μmol h−1 g−1 yield rate of H2O2 can be achieved without any sacrificial agent, outperforming most previous reports. Furthermore, the DFT calculation and in situ DRIFTS spectrums suggesting a Yeager‐type absorption of *O2⋅− intermediate in the cyanide active site, which prohibits the formation of superoxide radical and revealing a favored H2O2 production pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and susceptibility to CO 2 poisoning present significant challenges in the application of intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs). In this study, bismuth (Bi) was introduced as a dopant for the first time to enhance both the ORR activity and CO 2 tolerance of PrBaCoCuO 5+ δ (PBCCO) cathode. Bi doping serves to concurrently modulate the oxygen vacancy content and carrier concentration. This dual regulation enhances the processes of oxygen adsorption, dissociation, and charge transfer, as evidenced by the distribution of relaxation time (DRT) technique. Furthermore, PBBCCO demonstrates exceptional CO 2 tolerance and remarkable performance recovery following exposure to CO 2 -induced degradation. At 800 °C, the polarization resistance (R p) and maximum power density (MPD) of PBBCCO were 0.026 Ω cm2 and 631 mW cm−2, respectively. Notably, R p was reduced by 52.45%, and MPD exhibited an improvement of 45.11% at 800 °C. These findings highlight the significant impact of Bi doping on the performance of the PBCCO double perovskite cathode, underscoring its crucial importance for future developments of novel cathode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of cost-effective and highly active catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is crucial for the successful commercialization of Zn-air batteries. Single-atom catalysts are considered to be the most promising alternatives to Pt-based catalysts on account of their high atomic utilization and adjustable coordination environment, but their activity and durability are not ideal. Herein, a porous nitrogen-doped graphene with atomically-dispersed Fe sites (Fe SAs/NG) is developed by utilizing g-C 3 N 4 as the nitrogen source. The Fe SAs/NG exhibits superior ORR property in alkaline electrolyte with a high half-wave potential (E 1/2 = 0.883 V vs. RHE) and remarkable stability, mainly due to atomically-dispersed Fe sites, abundant N species, and porous structure. Moreover, the Fe SAs/NG-based Zn-air battery achieves the maximum discharge power density of 272.6 mW cm−2, surpassing that of benchmark 20% Pt/C catalyst (238 mW cm−2). This study offers a valuable reference for the rational design and synthesis of high efficiency single atom catalysts specifically tailored for Zn-air batteries. • A porous nitrogen-doped graphene with atomically-dispersed Fe sites (Fe SAs/NG) is successfully prepared. • The porous two-dimensional nanosheet structure possesses more accessible active sites. • The catalyst exhibits superior catalytic activity and stability toward ORR in alkaline electrolyte. • Fe SAs/NG-based Zn-air battery demonstrates a maximum power density of 272.6 mW cm−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platinum group catalysts are still the most effective catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Thus, the high cost and susceptibility to deactivation during working process are becoming more and more prominent with the proceeding of the application. To meet the requirements of enhancing reaction kinetics and decreasing the cost of Pt-based catalysts, we design a N -doped hollow carbon nanorods (HCNR) supported platinum-nickel based catalyst for ORR. Compared with the benchmark commercial Pt/C catalyst, the HCNR supported PtNi catalysts (PtNi/HCNR) show excellent catalytic activity for ORR and long-time running durability. The onset potential (E 0) and half wave potential (E 1/2) of medium platinum content catalyst (PtNi/HCNR-2) catalyzed ORR are 1.02 V and 0.914 V, separately, which surpass than that of the 20 wt% Pt/C catalyst. Furthermore, PtNi/HCNR-2 catalyzed ORR has a lower Tafel slope (92.05 mV dec−1), faster electron transfer rate, lower H 2 O 2 yield rate and better stability. The synergistic effect between N -doped HCNR and PtNi alloy assures the high performance for ORR. HCNR improves the electrical conductivity, while the doped nitrogen provides "coordination nests" for PtNi catalyst, which provide more catalytic active sites for ORR. PtNi/HNCR-based catalysts have great potential to be low-cost, high performance catalysts for ORR. [Display omitted] • N -doped hollow carbon nanorods support for catalysts were synthesized. • HCNR supported PtNi catalysts show 20 mV higher onset potential for ORR than Pt/C. • Doping with nitrogen enhanced the affinity between HCNR and PtNi catalyst. • Hollow structure facilitates the transport of oxygen and electrons for ORR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction of oxygen reduction is essential for media of energy storage and transformation, such as fuel cells. The development of effective and highly stable electro-catalysts, such as single-atom catalysts, poses a definite limitation in clean power technologies. Currently, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with a flexible structure and regularly-separated active sites have been developed as unusual and promising precursors for the development of composite particles based on carbon, exhibiting outstanding properties for various applications, particularly in electrochemistry. In this mini-review, the synthesis, characterization, and the role of different MOF-based electro-catalysts, including MOF-based single atom electro-catalysts have been summarized. The impact of active sites (like hetero-atoms and metal central ions), chemical structure, electronic composition, and porosity of MOF-based nano-composites on the behavior of oxygen reduction reaction were explained by combining both laboratory results and analytical estimates. Taking into account ways to improve mass density of sufficient active sites and preserving them from destruction and corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pt nanoparticles are electrodeposited on nitrogen-doped graphene nanosheets using different electrodeposition procedures such as cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and pulse deposition while keeping the overall deposition time and precursor concentration constant. A comparison of electrodeposition in Ar-saturated and O2-saturated solutions was also made to study the influence of competing oxygen reduction and hydrogen adsorption/desorption on the electroreduction of Pt ions. Scanning electron microscopy results showed that the surface morphology of the Pt catalysts is dependent on the electrodeposition protocol and nucleation overpotential. The particle size and number density of the electrodeposited Pt nanoparticles vary from sample to sample. Cyclic voltammetry and CO stripping experiments in 0.1 M HClO4 solution showed different surface electrochemistry of the Pt catalysts. Rotating disk electrode measurement revealed that all the catalysts are highly active towards the oxygen reduction reaction in perchloric acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The output power and combination property of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are often limited by the sluggish kinetics of the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Therefore, seek noble metal-free materials with good ORR catalytic efficiency and durability is of great significance for practical MFC application. In this paper, ternary transition metal sulfide was successfully loaded on activated carbon by hydrothermal method. In the MnCo2S4@AC nanocomposite, the synergistic effect existing between MnCo2S4 and activated carbon (AC) gives the advantages of large specific surface area, special microstructure, fast electron transmission rate and good electro-catalytic activity of MnCo2S4 for ORR. The electrochemical tests showed that the ORR event of MnCo2S4@AC was the four-electron (4e−) pathway. Therefore, the highest output power density of MFC assembled with MnCo2S4@AC was 239.41 mW m−2, 3.59-fold stronger than AC (66.66 mW m−2). This method can provide the ideas for the synthesis of efficient ORR catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Novel two-dimensional MXene with unique optical and electrical properties has become a new focus in the field of sensing. In particular, their metallic conductivity, good biocompatibility and high anchoring ability to biomaterials make them attractive candidates. Despite such remarkable properties, there are certain limitations, such as low oxidative stability. MXene-Metal interactions are an effective strategy to maintain the long-term stability of MXene, while also improving the electrochemical activity and optical properties. Herein, a series of MXene/Ag nanocomposites including Ti 3 C 2 /Ag, Nb 2 C/Ag and V 2 C/Ag were designed based on the surface chemistry characteristics of MXene, where MXene served as the substrate for in-situ growth of silver nanoparticles via self-reduction of Ag(NH 3) 2 +. The results showed that V 2 C MXene has the strongest self-reducing ability due to its multiple variable valence states, larger interlayer space and more reactive groups. Moreover, V 2 C/Ag exhibited unexpected oxygen reduction reaction catalytic activity and photothermal performance. In view of which, an electrochemiluminescence-photothermal (ECL-photothermal) immunosensor was developed using V 2 C/Ag as ECL anchor and photothermal reagent for ultrasensitive detection of Lipolysis stimulated lipoprotein receptor. This work not only provides a simple and effective synthesis method of MXene supported metal nanocomposites, but also provides more inspirations for exploring the efficient biosensing strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • N -doped carbon nanotube confined CoFe nanoparticles were synthesized using solvothermal and high-temperature calcination methods. • The synergistic effect between CoFe nanoparticles and N -doped carbon nanotubes showed excellent electrocatalytic activity for OER/ORR. • Rechargeable zinc-air battery exhibited high power density, excellent specific capacity and good stability. • This work provides an approach for establishing low-cost and highly active multifunctional electrocatalysts of non-precious metal. Building efficient and stable bifunctional electrocatalysts toward oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is crucial for the advancement of rechargeable zinc-air batteries (ZABs). Here, a convenient in situ strategy is reported to controllably encapsulate CoFe alloy nanoparticles within N -doped carbon nanotubes (CoFe@NCNT). The abundant Co(Fe)-N x active sites and the synergistic interaction between CoFe alloys and carbon nanotubes facilitate mass transfer and interfacial charge transfer, resulting in excellent dual functional electrocatalytic activity of OER/ORR with minor potential difference (ΔE = 0.73 V). Thus, the corresponding rechargeable ZAB displays high power density (194 mW cm−2), excellent specific capacity (795 mAh g Zn -1), and favorable stability (900 cycles@5 mA cm−2). This work provides an approach for establishing low-cost bultifunctional electrocatalysts with excellent performance of non-noble metal nanoalloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • FeNb 2 O 6 /3D interconnected N -doped carbon cages were synthesized by methanol-induced assembly and pyrolysis strategy. • The methanol evaporation promotes the assembly and crosslinkage of ZIF-8, resulting in 3D interconnected cage-like superstructure. • The 3D structure provides a spacious surface area and abundant defects for interfacial mass and electron transfer. • FeNb 2 O 6 /NICC showed excellent performances of the ORR and Zn-air battery. Three-dimensional (3D) hollow carbon is one of advanced nanomaterials widely applied in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, iron niobate (FeNb 2 O 6) nanoparticles supported on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-derived 3D N -doped interconnected open carbon cages (FeNb 2 O 6 /NICC) were prepared by methanol induced assembly and pyrolysis strategy. During the fabrication process, the evaporation of methanol promoted the assembly and cross linkage of ZIF-8, rather than individual particles. The assembled ZIF-8 particles worked as in-situ sacrificial templates, in turn forming hierarchically interconnected open carbon cages after high-temperature pyrolysis. The as-made FeNb 2 O 6 /NICC showed a positive onset potential of 1.09 V and a half-wave potential of 0.88 V for the ORR, outperforming commercial Pt/C under the identical conditions. Later on, the as-built Zn-air battery with the FeNb 2 O 6 /NICC presented a greater power density of 100.6 mW cm−2 and durable long-cycle stability by operating for 200 h. For preparing 3D hollow carbon materials, this synthesis does not require a tedious removal process of template, which is more convenient than traditional method with silica and polystyrene spheres as templates. This work affords an exceptional example of developing 3D N -doped interconnected hollow carbon composites for energy conversion and storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing cost‐effective and sustainable catalysts with exceptional activity and selectivity is essential for the practical implementation of on‐site H2O2 electrosynthesis, yet it remains a formidable challenge. Metal phosphide core–shell heterostructures anchored in carbon nanosheets (denoted as Ni@Ni2P/C NSs) are designed and synthesized via carbonization and phosphidation of the 2D Ni‐BDC precursor. This core–shell nanostructure provides more accessible active sites and enhanced durability, while the 2D carbon nanosheet substrate prevents heterostructure aggregation and facilitates mass transfer. Theoretical calculations further reveal that the Ni/Ni2P heterostructure‐induced optimization of geometric and electronic structures enables the favored adsorption of OOH* intermediate. All these features endow the Ni@Ni2P/C NSs with remarkable performance in 2e ORR for H2O2 synthesis, achieving a top yield rate of 95.6 mg L−1 h−1 with both selectivity and Faradaic efficiency exceeding 90% under a wide range of applied potentials. Furthermore, when utilized as the anode of an assembled gas diffusion electrode (GDE) device, the Ni@Ni2P/C NSs achieve in situ H2O2 production with excellent long‐term durability (>32 h). Evidently, this work provides a unique insight into the origin of 2e ORR and proposes optimization of H2O2 production through nano‐interface manipulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a method to enhance the stability of Fe–N–C electrocatalysts, known for their significant oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and positioned as promising alternatives to commercial noble metal-based catalysts. Despite the favorable ORR activity, Fe–N–C suffers from inadequate stability in acidic media, primarily attributed the loss of active FeN 4 sites resulted from Fe-demetalation. However, recent investigation reveals that pyridine N exhibits remarkable stability in retaining Fe atoms. To address this, we achieved a high proportion of pyridine N doping in carbon nanofibers through a process involving nano-SiO 2 shell coating and electrospinning. The nano-SiO 2 shell coating method demonstrates efficacy and versatility in transforming pyrrole-type FeN 4 into pyridine-type FeN 4 , irrespective of the origin material being trivalent or divalent Fe, whether organic or inorganic. [Display omitted] • Obtained a high pyridine proportion Fe–N–C electrocatalyst with long-term stability • Developed a method for the transformation from the pyrrole-type FeN 4 to pyridine-type FeN 4. • The method is applicable to both trivalent and bivalent iron, regardless of inorganic or organic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is necessary to seek oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs) electrocatalyst that can replace commercial Pt/C for new energy conversion devices. Herein, we used molten salt-assisted pyrolysis to successfully convert small nitrogen-containing carbon molecules directly into iron-nitrogen codoped carbon nanospheres (Fe–N–Cs) without the need for external templates. Molten salts provide a solvo-like environment for the high-temperature pyrolysis of small carbon molecules and bulk oxides. Small molecules containing nitrogen and carbon are subjected to spatial domain-limiting effect, reducing volatilization in the calcination processes. Besides, the strong polarity provided by molten salts can not only dissolve bulk oxides but also prevent free metal atoms from gathering again to form particles or clusters. The synthesized Fe–N–Cs exhibit excellent ORR activity. The half wave potential (E 1/2 , 0.67 V vs. RHE) in acidic solution is almost equivalent to Pt/C. Furthermore, Fe–N–Cs have the ability to prevent methanol poisoning and its stability is strong. [Display omitted] • Small molecules containing nitrogen were directly converted into carbon nanospheres. • The Fe–N–Cs was prepared by template-free melting salt-assisted pyrolysis. • The molten salts can provide a high polarity environment. • The Fe–N–Cs showed excellent ORR activity in alkaline and acidic solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global energy crisis and growing concerns about environmental pollution have spurred researchers to explore eco‐friendly methods of generating clean energy. Previous studies have often relied on noble metal catalysts to facilitate oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) in energy production reactions. However, their high cost has limited their widespread adoption, making the development of highly active and affordable ORR catalysts a significant challenge. In this study, a vacuum heat treatment technique was employed to fabricate a cobalt‐loaded mesoporous graphene (Co−Gs) nanocomposite. The inclusion of cobalt in graphene enhances the reaction, while the presence of mesoporous graphene provides a larger surface area to accommodate the active sites of Co. This synergistic effect promotes the improvement of catalytic performance. Additionally, the stability and methanol tolerance of Co−Gs nanocomposites is also superior than that of Pt−C. The excellent catalytic performance of the Co−Gs nanocomposite is attributed to a four‐electron pathway within the nanocomposite, as demonstrated by electrocatalytic kinetics investigations. Additionally, the interface interaction between the Co nanoparticles and Gs enhances the efficiency of electron transfer, effectively improving the catalytic performance. These findings highlight the potential of Co‐loaded graphene nanocomposites as highly efficient and cost‐effective electrocatalysts for clean energy application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing stable and efficient photocatalysts for H2O2 production is of great importance and is challenging. In this study, the synthesis of three photoactive cyclooctatetrathiophene (COTh)‐based porous aromatic frameworks (COTh‐PAFs) in an alternating donor‐acceptor (D−A) fashion is presented. In combination with a triazine‐derived electron acceptor, PAF‐363 exhibits high efficiency for the photosynthesis of H2O2 with production rates of 11733 μmol g−1 h−1(with sacrificial agent) and 3930 μmol g−1 h−1 (without sacrificial agent) from water and oxygen under visible light irradiation. Experimental results and theoretical calculations reveal that the charge transfer positions and the O2 adsorption sites in PAF‐363 are both concentrated on COTh fragments, which facilitate the H2O2 production through the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) pathway. This work highlights that the rational design of COTh‐PAFs with consideration of D−A direction, charge transfer positions, and O2 adsorption sites provides a feasible access to efficient H2O2 production photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single‐atom catalysts (SACs) are widely studied in various chemical transformations due to their high catalytic activity and atom utilization. However, modulating the catalytic performance of catalysts by adjusting the microenvironment remains a great challenge. In this paper, a novel master‐double guest vulcanization‐assisted strategy is reported for synthesizing Fe single‐atom catalysts on N,S codoped porous hollow leaf carbon (FeSA/N,S‐PHLC) with highly exposed FeN3SOH sites. Fe(mIm) (guest I) is loaded on the surface of ZIF‐L (host) and then trithiocyanuric acid (TCA, guest II) is bonded with Fe(mIm), and the resulting ZIF‐L@Fe(mIm)@TCA precursors can be converted to FeSA/N,S‐PHLC with controllable structures. In addition, XPS analysis yield an increase in pyridine N content in FeSA/N,S‐PHLC compared to FeSA/N‐PHLC. It can be demonstrated by theoretical calculations that the N,S‐coordinated axially hydroxy‐coordinated asymmetric Fe centers synergistically with the abundance of pyridinic nitrogen facilitate the adsorption and desorption of oxygen intermediates, and the 3d orbitals of the Fe active centers can be optimized. The prepared FeSA/N,S‐PHLC catalyst has a half‐wave potential (E1/2) of 0.91 V under alkaline conditions, and E1/2 = 0.75 V under acidic conditions. It shows excellent cycle stability (882 h) and power density (217 mW cm−2) in the assembly of zinc–air battery (ZABs) devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing an electrocatalyst with low Pt content is an immediate need for essential reactions in low temperature fuel cell systems. In the present work, La0.9925Ba0.0075Al0.995Pt0.005O3 is aimed at using with low (only 0.5%) Pt doping as an electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The low doping level renders exsolution of 1–2 nm nanoparticles with uniform dispersion upon reduction in H2/N2 at low temperatures. Pt exsolved perovskite oxides deliver significantly enhanced catalytic activity for ORR and improved stability in alkaline media. This study demonstrates that LaAlO3 with low noble metal content holds immense potential as an electrocatalyst in real fuel cell systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atomically dispersed nonprecious metal‐based catalysts have been considered as the most promising alternatives to Pt‐based catalysts since their excellent catalytic activities and almost 100 % atom utilization in oxygen reduction reaction. However, the agglomeration of metal atoms is unavoidable during pyrolysis process, thus leads to the decrease of electrocatalytic performance. Herein, hyperbranched phthalocyanine copper (HCuPc) wrapping nano‐silica is synthesized via in situ polymerization and served as precursor for preparing atomically dispersed Cu−N−C electrocatalysts. Owing to the confinement effect of chemical‐anchoring and spatial‐hindrance, the migration and agglomeration of Cu atoms are restricted in carbonization process. The aberration‐corrected high‐angle annular dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are performed to confirm the atomically dispersed of as‐synthesized catalyst, which is labelled as HCu−N−C/SiO2. In addition, the HCu−N−C/SiO2 possess superior ORR electrocatalytic activities with a half‐wave potential of 0.874 V vs RHE and a limiting current density of 5.7 mA cm−2. The zinc‐air batteries assembled with HCu−N−C/SiO2 catalyst exhibit a high specific capacity of 789 mAh g−1 as well as a maximum discharge power density of 176 mW cm−2. This work proves that hyperbranched phthalocyanine structure could be a useful confined framework to the fabrication of singles‐atom catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atomically dispersed iron–nitrogen–carbon catalysts are promised, low‐cost, and high‐performance electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) in fuel cells. However, most Fe–N–C materials are produced via pyrolysis at a high temperature and it is difficult to characterise the precise Fe–N configurations. This can lead to confusion surrounding the best chemical and coordination environment for Fe and understanding the subsequent ORR mechanisms. In this work, Fe porphyrin is used to produce a specific Fe–N environment, therefore allowing the role and activity of this environment to be studied. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are covalently functionalized with iron 5,10,15,20‐triphenylporphyrin (FeTPP) motifs via aryl diazonium methodology, enabling the exact role of only the Fe‐Pyrrolic N4 configuration of FeTPP in ORR to be studied and better understood. Upon covalent functionalization, a high electrochemical active site density of 1.12 × 1015 sites cm−2, approximately six‐fold more than that of noncovalently functionalized samples with 12.7% electrochemical active site. The heightened active site density and superior electrochemical active site utilization (12.7%) lead to the more favorable 4‐electron pathway for the ORR. Furthermore, a preliminary discussion regarding the selectivity of the ORR pathway is initiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical desalination technique is recognized as a promising solution to alleviate freshwater shortages, challenges yet persists in achieving optimal energy efficiency and cost‐effectiveness. Herein, a hybrid acid/alkali zinc air desalination battery (hAA‐ZADB) capable of concurrent desalination and high‐power density is reported. To improve cathodic efficiency and cost‐effectiveness, an electrocatalyst with dual atomic Fe–Mn sites on porous dodecahedral carbon (Mn‐Fe/p‐DC) is fabricated through a simple direct pyrolysis strategy for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The Mn–Fe/p‐DC‐900 electrocatalyst demonstrates exceptional electrocatalytic activity (E1/2 = 0.8 V in 0.5 m H2SO4) for ORR. This innovative hybrid acid/alkali cell design, coupled with advanced electrocatalysts, empowers the hAA‐ZADB system to achieve outstanding performance benchmarks with a high open circuit voltage of 2.22 V, an impressive power density of 375 mW cm−2, and notably elevated energy output of 106.9 kJ mol−1 even at a current density of 100 mA cm−2 during desalination. Distinguishing this work is its additional functionality, evident in a rapid salt removal rate of 3.64 mg cm−2 min−1 during desalination, achieving an impressive 88.67% removal of 0.6 M NaCl. This study highlights the promising potential of employing metallic air batteries for a self‐powered desalination technique applicable to specific scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li-O2 batteries are considered a highly promising energy storage solution. However, their practical implementation is hindered by the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction (ORR) and oxygen evolution (OER) reactions at cathodes during discharging and charging, respectively. In this work, we investigated the catalytic performance of Wn+1Cn and Wn+1CnO2 MXenes (n = 1, 2, and 3) as cathodes for Li-O2 batteries using first principles calculations. Both Wn+1Cn and Wn+1CnO2 MXenes show high conductivity, and their conductivity is further enhanced with increasing atomic layers, as reflected by the elevated density of states at the Fermi level. The oxygen functionalization can change the electronic properties of WC MXenes from the electrophilic W surface of Wn+1Cn to the nucleophilic O surface of Wn+1CnO2, which is beneficial for the activation of the Li-O bond, and thus promotes the Li+ deintercalation during the charge–discharge process. On both Wn+1Cn and Wn+1CnO2, the rate-determining step (RDS) of ORR is the formation of the (Li2O)2* product, while the RDS of OER is the LiO2* decomposition. The overpotentials of ORR and OER are positively linearly correlated with the adsorption energy of the RDS LixO2* intermediates. By lowering the energy band center, the oxygen functionalization and increasing atomic layers can effectively reduce the adsorption strength of the LixO2* intermediates, thereby reducing the ORR and OER overpotentials. The W4C3O2 MXene shows immense potential as a cathode catalyst for Li-O2 batteries due to its outstanding conductivity and super-low ORR, OER, and total overpotentials (0.25, 0.38, and 0.63 V). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron‐nitrogen‐carbon (Fe‐N‐C) single‐atom catalysts are promising sustainable alternatives to the costly and scarce platinum (Pt) to catalyze the oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) at the cathode of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, Fe‐N‐C cathodes for PEMFC are made thicker than Pt/C ones, in order to compensate for the lower intrinsic ORR activity and site density of Fe‐N‐C materials. The thick electrodes are bound with mass transport issues that limit their performance at high current densities, especially in H2/air PEMFCs. Practical Fe‐N‐C electrodes must combine high intrinsic ORR activity, high site density, and fast mass transport. Herein, it has achieved an improved combination of these properties with a Fe‐N‐C catalyst prepared via a two‐step synthesis approach, constructing first a porous zinc‐nitrogen‐carbon (Zn‐N‐C) substrate, followed by transmetallating Zn by Fe via chemical vapor deposition. A cathode comprising this Fe‐N‐C catalyst has exhibited a maximum power density of 0.53 W cm−2 in H2/air PEMFC at 80 °C. The improved power density is associated with the hierarchical porosity of the Zn‐N‐C substrate of this work, which is achieved by epitaxial growth of ZIF‐8 onto g‐C3N4, leading to a micro‐mesoporous substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Widely acknowledged that the capacity of Li‐O2 batteries (LOBs) should be strongly determined by growth behaviors of the discharge product of lithium peroxide (Li2O2) that follows both coexisting surface and solution pathways. However until now, it remains still challenging to achieve dynamic modulation on Li2O2 morphologies. Herein, the photo‐responsive Au nanoparticles (NPs) supported on reduced oxide graphene (Au/rGO) have been utilized as cathode to manipulate oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics by aid of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effects. Thus, we can experimentally reveal the importance of matching ORR kinetics with Li+ migration towards battery performance. Moreover, it is found that Li+ concentration polarization caused "sudden death" of LOBs is supposed to be just a form of suspended animation that could timely recover under irradiation. This work provides us an in‐depth explanation on the working mechanism of LOBs from a kinetic perspective, offering valuable insights for the future battery design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is the bottleneck of metal‐air batteries and fuel cells. Strain regulation can change the geometry and adjust the surface charge distribution of catalysts, which is a powerful strategy to optimize the ORR activity. The introduction of controlled strain to the material is still difficult to achieve. Herein, we present a temperature‐pressure‐induced strategy to achieve the controlled lattice strain for metal coordination polymers. Through the systematic study of the strain effect on ORR performance, the relationship between geometric and electronic effects is further understood and confirmed. The strained Co‐DABDT (DABDT=2,5‐diaminobenzene‐1,4‐dithiol) with 2 % lattice compression exhibits a superior half‐wave potential of 0.81 V. Theoretical analysis reveals that the lattice strain changes spin‐charge densities around S atoms for Co‐DABDT, and then regulates the hydrogen bond interaction with intermediates to promote the ORR catalytic process. This work helps to understand the catalytic mechanism from the atomic level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Binding water molecules to polar sites in covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is inevitable, but the corresponding solvent effects in electrocatalytic process have been largely overlooked. Herein, we investigate the solvent effects on COFs for catalyzing the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Our designed COFs incorporated different kinds of nitrogen atoms (imine N, pyridine N, and phenazine N), enabling tunable interactions with water molecules. These interactions play a crucial role in modulating electronic states and altering the catalytic centers within the COFs. Among the synthesized COFs, the one with pyridine N atoms exhibits the highest activity, with characterized by a half‐wave potential of 0.78 V and a mass activity of 0.32 A mg−1, which surpass those from other metal‐free COFs. Theoretical calculations further reveal that the enhanced activity can be attributed to the stronger binding ability of *OOH intermediates to the carbon atoms adjacent to the pyridine N sites. This work sheds light on the significance of considering solvent effects on COFs in electrocatalytic systems, providing valuable insights into their design and optimization for improved performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A vacancy-rich Co/MnO@NC was synthesized using hydrothermal and high-temperature pyrolysis strategies for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The abundant vacancies and synergistic coupling of metallic Co with MnO precisely tuned the electronic configuration, resulting in enhanced electron transport within Co/MnO@NC. Research indicates that the effective Co/MnO@NC ORR catalyst demonstrated elevated peak power densities, reaching 217.7 in liquid-state and 63.3 mW cm−2 in solid-state zinc-air batteries. [Display omitted] • Spherical Co/MnO@NC is synthesized by a hydrothermal-pyrolysis strategy. • The catalyst displays notable ORR activity (J L = 5.1 mAcm−2) comparable to Pt/C. • Aqueous/solid-state ZABs exhibit high power density (217.7/63.3 mW cm−2). • Vacancies, conductivity and hydrophilicity dominate the delightful performance. The pursuit of efficient and economically viable catalysts for liquid/solid-state zinc-air batteries (ZABs) is of paramount importance yet presents formidable challenge. Herein, we synthesized a vacancy-rich cobalt/manganese oxide catalyst (Co/MnO@NC) stabilized on a nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon (NC) nanosphere matrix by leveraging hydrothermal and high-temperature pyrolysis strategy. The optimized Co/MnO@NC demonstrates fast reaction kinetics and large limiting current densities comparable to commercial Pt/C in alkaline electrolyte for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Moreover, the Co/MnO@NC serves as an incredible cathode material for both liquid and flexible solid-state ZABs, delivering impressive peak power densities of 217.7 and 63.3 mW cm−2 and robust long-term stability (459 h), outperforming the state-of-the-art Pt/C and majority of the currently reported catalysts. Research indicates that the superior performance of the Co/MnO@NC catalyst primarily stems from the synergy between the heightened electrical conductivity of metallic Co and the regulatory capacity of MnO on adsorbed oxygen intermediates. In addition, the abundance of vacancies regulates the electronic configuration, and superhydrophilicity facilitates efficient electrolyte diffusion, thereby effectively ensuring optimal contact between the active site and reactants. Besides, the coexisting NC layer avoids the shedding of active sites, resulting in high stability. This work provides a viable approach for designing and advancing high-performance liquid/solid-state ZABs, highlighting the great potential of energy storage technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]